Gender Representation in Film

Gender Representation in Film Gender is a significant reflection in development. Through it we can analyze how social norms and power structures influence on the lives and opportunities accessible to different groups of men and women. Gender analysis explores the way power is distributed between women and men, how it function, who uses it and for what reasons.In contrast to men, women control less both economical and political resources, such as property, employment and traditional positions of authority. This uneven distribution of gender relation of power is also represented in the media. Media, as a framework for interpretation and a message in the contemporary society, can have an imperative role in promoting or even obstructing gender equality, both within the working environment and in the representation of women and men. Women and men are often stereotyped and depicted unevenly by the media. Women and girls are positioned in underprivileged situations, for instance in passive and submissive roles whereas men and boys are portrayed to be more possessive in their occupations and more probable to thrive. According to Ferguson, the majority of female characters in the mass media â€Å"holds and uses private power as wives, mothers, partners† (Ferguson, 1990). Accordingly, traditional gender roles and power relations have been profoundly internalized in public’s sub consciousness through the mass media which limit the progress of both human personalities and social equality. Visual images especially, are arranged in a way that have the power to stir beyo nd the entertainment and evoke emotional responses by having a immense influence on our state of mind (Alcolaea -Bangas, 2008). As Berger (1992) pointed out â€Å"‘Like fish, we â€Å"swim† in a sea of images, and these images help shape our perceptions of the world and of ourselves†. An essential derivate of visual images are films which are adhered images together in order to create a story that transmit certain ideologies or ideas and has an impact in peoples lives. As Gerald Mast, a film scholar, affirmed, â€Å"there are fewer cultural products more influential in contemporary life than films†. Thus, those ideologies also shape our everyday perception of women. According to Dutt, Hollywood films’ portrayal of women sticked to the patriarchal structures, but later on, have veiled these messages under the faà §ade of female empowerment and independence (Dutt, 2014). According to many criticism power is at the central of a patriarchial society. Foss describes patriarchy as â€Å" a system of power relations in which men dominate women so that women’s interest are subordinates to those of man and they view themselves as inferior to men† (Foss, 1989). The portray of women can be seen in the way of how a film is constructed. Male charac ters play an active role and are shown as mentally and physically powerful. They are dominant guardians looking to â€Å"gaze† at women. On the other hand women are passive, dependent and in need for support. Furthermore a major criticism from feminist perspective has been towards the â€Å"male gaze†. Laura Mulvey used this concept to show the gender power assymety in film. Mulvey states that female are objectified in film because heterosexual men are in control of the camera. Thus, the man becomes as the dominant power inside the created film fantasy. The woman is submissive to the active gaze from the man. The use scopophylia, sexual satisfaction through viewing, to communicate adds an element of patriarchal system and it is regularly viewed in iIIusionistic narrative film (Mulvey, 1989). A very controversial representation of women can be traced in the early beginning of Hollywood era. Film Noir, is a term which is used to describe Hollywood crime dramas in 40’s and 50’s with cynical attidues and sexual motivations. During these era the concept of femme fatale flourished. The archetypal femme fatale of film noir use her sexual attractiveness and merciless manipulation to trick men in order to achieve power, money, or independence, or all of them at the same time (filmnoirstudies, 2008). Femme fatale refuses the conventional roles of devoted wife and cautious mother that mainstream society set down for women, and in the end her disobedience of social norms leads to her own distruction and the destruction of the men who are attracted to her (filmnoirstudies, 2008). Film noirs depiction of the femme fatale, according to film noir studies, aims to sustain the actual social order and especially its strictly defined gender roles by creating the powerful, inde pendent woman, only in the end to penalize her. Later during the period of 70’s and 80’s, in Hollywood, we had the muscle obsession. Blockbusters such as Rambo, Terminator, Leathal Weapon were produced where masculinity was over displayed. A dominant ideology of that time were the masculinist figure of gender that characterizes masculinity regarding the male warriorwith the attributes of great strenght, effective use of force, and military bravery as the main expressions. As Susan Bordo articulated ‘†¦muscles have mainly symbolized and maintain to symbolize masculine power as physical potency, regularly operating as a means of coding the naturalness of sexual difference. (Bordo, n.d). Genres as well assist in preserving stereotypes in cinema (Gledhill, 2012). For example, war, action, spy films are considered male film genres, and romantic, comedy film are female genres with a female protagonist. However, in the 90’s we saw the surfacing of some female actions heroes defined by a quality of â€Å"m asculinity†. Sigourney Weaver in Aliens, confronted those cultural norms. She was putted as Judith Butler would call a â€Å"gender performance† where she was required to perform the stereotypical â€Å"masculinity† as a strong and dominant warrior. Tasker (1998) articulates this â€Å"as an enactment of a muscular masculinity involving a display of power and strength over the body of the female performer† (Tasker, 1998). Nowadays, referring to Dutt, in most of the films women are obliged to incorporate everything. They must be tough and aggressive but also beautiful and sexy. This is the â€Å"empowered† woman of corporate consumer society’ (Dutt, 2014). For example in the film â€Å"The Devil Wears Prada†, women and power are main themes throughout the film. Female power relationships examined in the film shows how women exercise power effectively to race in the world of business. The film is a good illustration which shows how a women shatter through traditional gender stereo-types and exercise a leadership type associated with masculinity. The protagonist Miranda Priestley, is depicted as a powerful women often associated as the â€Å"devil† boss who is ruthless, demanding and very hard hard to please. The film prehending the way gender relations with leadership is practiced in the work-place. On the other hand, Juno, an independent non-Hollywood film gives a more realistic representation of women’s. The film is about a young girl who becomes pregnant during the high-school by his teen boy-friend. According to Dutt her character signify an rising cultural formulation of girl hood that have as a attribute independence and strength (Dutt, 2014). Juno is someone who is unconventional and indifferent with her appearance. She doesn’t care what others think of her and takes the decisions for herself. For instance, she doesn’t listen to her mother and boyfriend and decides to keep the baby. As Dutt points out, her agency marks a considerable progression for female portrayals in films. She embodies the ‘visual characterization of newly emerging constructions of girls that fuse particular aspects of traditional â€Å"femininity† and â€Å"masculinity†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(Dutt, 2014). References Alcolea-Banegas, J. (2008). Visual Arguments in Film.Argumentation, 23(2), pp.259-275. Berger, A. (1991). Seeing Is Believing: An Introduction to Visual Communication.The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 49(1), p.101. Bordo, S. (1999).The male body. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Dutt, R. (2014).Behind the curtain: women’s representations in contemporary Hollywood. MSC. London School of Economics. Ferguson, M. (1990). Images of power and the feminist fallacy.Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 7(3), pp.215-230. Filmnoirstudies.com, (2008).Film Noir’s Progressive Portrayal of Women – A Film Noir Studies Essay. [online] Available at: http://www.filmnoirstudies.com/essays/progressive.asp [Accessed 12 Mar. 2015]. Foss, S. (1989).Rhetorical criticism. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. Mast, G. (n.d.).How to watch movies intellegently. [online] Bluffton.edu. Available at: http://www.bluffton.edu/~mastg/Watchingmovies.htm [Accessed 10 Mar. 2015]. Mulvey, L. (1989).Visual and other pleasures. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Tasker, Y. (2002).Working girls. London: Routledge.

Ciba-Geigy

Ciba-Geigy founded in 1750s has come to many changes in their business strategy from case-by-case decisively to be one of proactive planning for the future with corporate portfolio planning which allowed Ciba to decentralise into diversified businesses. At their latest reorganization, Ciba had five categories: Development, Growth, Pillar, Niche and Core allocated from 14 divisions with 33 sub-business units. Each division in each category has separate responsibility to the whole portfolio, for example, the Pigment division in Core category had the role of cash provider. Therefore, it was difficult for this division to access to capital, major investment would violate their mandate, and payback period was set at two to three years. However, the Pigments division head recently proposed the plan for major investment in comprehensive modernization of a manufacturing plant in Newport which was the only global source for Sfr 130 million in sales of Quinacridone (HPP) pigments. Ciba needed to decide whether or not to invest in Newport and choose among three options: invest fully, invest partially in Newport or close it. Recommendation: Based on Lippuner’s two questions in corporate planning portfolio strategy on new business, there are two reasons for Ciba to treat the investment in Newport as exception to invest. Besides, they should choose option one which committed a full investment of around US $140 million. Firstly, this investment improved Newport plant from high maintenance costs and frequent failure in production to become the plant with the leading-edge standards for productivity, safety, and friendly to environment. This investment also opened opportunity for Ciba to produce DPP, which protected Ciba’s leading market position in HPP pigment when DPP pigment’s patent protection was set to expire in 2000 – 2002. Limited investment in option two did not bring Ciba’s Pigment division the leading-edge knowledge and maintained the capability for innovative edge; therefore, it was out of Ciba’s strategy for new business. Secondly, this investment reinforced synergistic efforts between Pigment and other division in current portfolio. Although it was huge investment in core category, the pigment division still maintained to have a positive cash flow and payback period was within 3 years. Besides, Ciba should learn from the lesson of the pharmaceutical business which uelled other categories and came under difficulty in the recession. The same problem would happen in Pigment segment if Ciba did not invest in Pigment. However, we did not know how much Pigment contributed in the cash flow of the portfolio, so we could not evaluate if the whole portfolio could handle the investment period when there was a short of cash from Pigment. If not, Ciba should choose option three: close Newport and move it to Alabama or Louisiana as a less risky plan.

Impact of Strike in an Organization Essay

The impact of strike to an organization Article by Rajalakshmi Rahul on June 11, 2012 Discuss now (0) Go to comments An organizational strike not only destroys the power of labor at its source while still professing theoretical support for the right to strike, but also causes many other losses. Labor on the other hand in demanding freedom to use the organizational strike is seeking an instrument fundamental to its rising power. The right to strike restricted in any way is the right shorn of some of its power (International Confederation for Free Trade Unions, 1989). The economic losses of the employer cause by a strike are incapable of precise calculation. The loss of profits is only one item in the total losses that an employer may suffer. The employer’s business may be crippled because of the loss of the market connection beyond the period of strike; goodwill may be lost; and the idle machines may get spoilt. Additional expenditure may have to be incurred on protecting the plant and on strike breaking activities (Howell, 2005). Publicity and propaganda are yet other items adding to its costs. Besides the loss of mental peace, respect and status in the community cannot be calculated in terms of money. The adverse affects of a strike on the workers are the loss of wages, and fringe benefits contracting of debts, personal hardships and loss of employment. It is difficult to assess the wage and production losses on account of a strike. Any calculation of wage losses from pay roll gives only a partial picture. In addition the strike may leave the union weakened and divided to the satisfaction of the employer Thus, strikes involve both economic and non economic costs for the employer and if at the extreme of strike he has to concede the demands of the striker’s additional burdens are imposed. However certain other elements which mitigate the losses also form a part of the economic calculation of the cost of a strike. References †¢Howell C (2005), Trade Unions and the State, Princeton University Press, New Jersey. †¢International Confederation for Free Trade Unions (1989), Employment and structural change in Indian industries, Cengage Learning, USA.

Slavery DBQ - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1006 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/13 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Civil rights was mostly in the years 1950s and 1960s. Almost everything started during Reconstruction. Slavery has not needed discrimination against black people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Slavery DBQ" essay for you Create order Slavery Banned in the North is one of the important topics there is. Their is also Abolish Slavery. Black to gain equal rights under the law of the United States, officially try to stop slavery. Also by mid-20 century, African Americans had enough violence and prejudice against them. In the northern states banned slavery in the early as 1807. Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New york and New Jersey, this are the states that had slavery during which is in 1777. In the Slavery timeline in 1619 in Virginia the first Africans appear to have been indentured. Majority slaves transported africa, West Indians. In the 1787 states emancipation law was created to free North. After this happened Congress enacts the Fugitive slaves the rights to habeas corpus The law of freedom of slaves pass to punish there who slavery-catches who kidnap free balcks. Being punished was the right thing, even if slavery was not all the was a law to free them. Nat Turner, who believes he had the right to do something to the slaves. In Virginia his people, followers killed up to 57 white people unsuccessful, and 200 slaves were killed in total. The Black history behind slavery has lots of important times. Talking about Africa today, we are thinking about how poor third world continent, Western nations to survive. the sixteenth and Resendiz 2 seventeenth centuries, when Europeans first began exploring the world, Africa back than was a rich continent. Eager to trade her copper and gold, leather goods for the white mans pans, pots, guns and alcohol. In 1492 theres is man name Christopher Columbus, everyone whos him as the man who discovered America. He had a lot to be with slaves of other black Africans. He was still in the year of slavery and was very well thinkful of those who went through slavery and started to ask for Slaves. Why would he want slaves? He wanted slaves because he would trade them with guns because he wanted to be someone big. Being a slave was like being in prison well not actually, it was like been in prison. They would make them work for hours straight with them having absolutely. They would be chained together and marched to the coast. Not caring if they were configurable or what they would think or say. They didnt have the right to speak or have an opinion. When they would take them to be a slave they sometimes had to wait days or even weeks and it was not present to be in a straight line walking. They would always eat beans, corn, yams, rice, and palm oil. And that was just the best food because they had worse. Having to move fast enough to be caught up with the people that has the right to order you. Thats what they thought, that they were the kings of their own crow. It was very bad luck to those who didnt or couldnt complete their journey and were to lick to complete their request pace, they wouldnt care and leave them there died or alive. Now that this has happened the people in Africans had to go back to Europe. There was this thing that developed called The Triangular Trades. Shipping slaves to the Americas, brought goods to them who are in the Americas back to Europe. Antebellum America was slaves been sold. The slaves would be brought from the pen and in turn stand raised platform and the buyers would just buy them and leave with them not Resendiz 3 caring in what they think, because all they were was just slaves. Slavery in the 1800s it was big in the United States not just the states but also Territories. Slavery was different in every Country. What did not change what is the treatment like whipping and sexual abuse, including rape, were common. Specially in Africa it was different in Europe, but how was it different? In Europe slavery was called chattel. This means property, this means the slaves were saved not like in Africa where they had no safety. But no differences work it was hard and difficult. They were still taken as prisoners of war also Were punished for crime even if they didnt do it. Tested good to Europe and people who were boss of the slaves because their country would a grow. That did it so much good to the Europeans but not to the slaves slaves didnt really care about what was going on about the whole growing. It was actually more work for them. Although most slaves were not brought to North America. The strangest thing, that was surprising, you would expect for all slave owners to be white race. Well, no there was not only white slave owners. There was a black man who was a slave owner named James Pendarvis. Small information about him is that he was from Colleton, his father which is Joseph Pendarvis who was not black, but white. He , James Pendarvis was the oldest. His father died in the year 1798 but he did so much work he had three plantations and almost about 156 slaves. Declaration of Independence 1776 was also part of slavery. Until in 1865 Declaration of Independence was stopped. How long did slavery go through in what year did it stopped? Also in 1865 is when slavery ended it was very difficult for those who went through slavery to now see that they are free. Who ended slavery. Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery. This was before ratification of the third amendment. The man that that slavery end it was on December 1865. Revolutionary War there laws were passed mostly in the Northern. In collusion of all of this slavery it was very important for those who went through slavery. But after slavery was done how were lives be with they changed will they be the same. Will it change good to bad, or bad. Actually their lives were better for good.

Book Report On Kill A Mockingbird, By Robert E Lee

Drew Pauley Ms.Neeley English 10 6 May 2016 Title A reappearing subject in the classic book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† revolved around equality for African-Americans. Tom Robinson, an African American, was falsely convicted of rape. This problem is still relevant in today’s society. There have been recent cases that have raised awareness for true equality. White cops have been killing African-Americans and getting away with it. A boy named Tamir Rice was killed in a park for playing with a toy gun. A man who was not resisting arrest was choked to death. African Americans will never be equal in our society, because there are too many higher up officials who don’t believe in true equality. In the book â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird,† Tom Robinson, an African American was accused of rape by Robert E Lee Ewell. Mr. Ewell told the sheriff, Heck Tate, that Tom raped his daughter Mayella Ewell. Mr. Ewell is a poor man in Maycomb who is hardly respected in the community. There was hardly any factual evidence presented in the court case. The testimony of Mayella Ewell was very poor. Mayella said that Tom hit her in the left eye with his left fist. The problem with that is Tom’s left arm was tore up by a cotton gin so he couldn’t hit her with his right hand. She also didn’t answer some questions like why didn’t your siblings come running when you screamed. Mayella first said that she had never asked Tom Robinson to come inside to fix odd jobs, but when she talked to Mr. GilmerShow MoreRelatedTeaching Middle and High School Students Literature7100 Words   |  29 Pagestales aloud to their classmates or to another classroom. Remind studen ts that the most important part of writing is sharing with others. Selections of Oral Traditional Literature: American Tall Tales (1991) by Mary Pope Osborne. Publisher: Knopf Books for Young Readers ISBN: 0679800891 Ages 9-12. Summary: American folk heroes of the 19th century spring to life in these splendidly retold sagas. Osbornes reputation as a gifted raconteur ( Favorite Greek Myths ; Beauty and the Beast ) is reaffirmed

Cognitive and Moral Development of Children Essay

Cognitive and moral developments are determined by a child’s experience and environment. As the child matures into adulthood they begin to view the world differently. The capacity to imagine what other people may be thinking and feeling is defined as perspective taking (Berk, 2007). This view aids in adolescents moral understanding and development. Identifying a child’s developmental stage assists in determining the proper support that is needed in order to provide a safe and nourishing environment. Seven year old Jaylen was interviewed to access and determine her cognitive and moral development well as her perspective taking stages. Jean Piaget a Swiss cognitive theorist believed that children actively construct knowledge as they†¦show more content†¦According to Piaget as Jaylen ages her cognitive thinking will increase and she will be able to better understand her external surroundings. As a child continues to develop they will learn from their external environment and support their cognitive development into adulthood. As adolescents mature they begin to understand other people’s point of view according to Robert Selman this is called perspective taking (Berk, 2007). Robert Selman developed five stages of perspective taking. Throughout each stage as children begin to develop they are able to value others feelings and views. During Jaylen’s interview she was asked a series of questions that dealt with social dilemmas. She was asked how others would feel if they lost at a game or in a contest. Jaylen often times responded by trying to make the other person feel better by sacrificing her own enjoyment. According to Selman’s perspective taking stages, Jaylen is in the self reflective stage. This stage allows Jaylen to analyze the information and process the situation from other people’s viewpoints. These changes support self-concept and self-esteem, understanding of others, and a wide variety of social skills (Berk, 2007). Jaylen’s environment has aided in her under stand of and ability to display empathy and sympathy toward others. Her surroundings her taught her to share take other people’s feelings into account. This will aid in Jaylen’s development into an adult who is able to express positive emotions forShow MoreRelatedOutlining Two Theories of Development Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of child development have been researched and published over the years. These researches have been done by popular theorists four of whom are Piaget (1896 –1980), Vygotsky (1896 –1934), Ausubel (1918 –2008) and Kohlberg (1927 –1987). First and foremost let me define the term theory. A theory is a collection of related statements; the principal function of which is to summarize and explain observations. It is in a sense an invention designed to make sense of what we know or suspect. DevelopmentalRead MoreResearch On Piaget s Stage Theory1388 Words   |  6 Pages(birth-2 years), regarding children who suf fer from autism, blindness, intellectual, and physical disabilities. As stated above, object permanence is the primary focus in this stage and it is seen as a foundational skill to master when moving towards the next stages. In each stages, object permanence becomes a necessary skill to learn, specifically when a child is developing their mental representation ability. Moreover, prior research has shown that learning cognitive skills is strongly associatedRead MoreCognitive And Moral Developmental Stages1115 Words   |  5 PagesThanks you for this opportunity to apply for Position at your school, I understand you have a student centred philosophy, so I’ve done some research on cognitive and moral development in primary age students. Awareness of the cognitive and moral developmental stages of the students is fundamental in structuring lesson plans to facilitate the ease of learning and the potential of each student. The emergence of the ability to think and understand moves from being dependent on Actions and perceptionsRead MoreOn The Acquisition And Nature Of Morality1662 Words   |  7 Pagesinstill morals Michael Cravey mc44996 6008619005919804 Freshman first semester The University of Texas at Austin In an article titled Conceptual and Informational Features in Moral Decision Making, Cecilia Wainryb and Elliot Turiel discuss how we are presented with the problem of how best to educate morally with the answer potentially lying in teaching methods that take morality attainment processes into account. An explanation of such processes is linked with the attributes of moral decision-makingRead MoreSocial and Moral Development Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesintellectual, social and moral development of infants at birth and as they grow into adults are through the developmental theories. Some of the developmental theories are sexual development, social development and moral development. Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg view similarities as well as differences between the theories they each believe in regards to the development of a child social and moral development. Jean Piaget put forth the theory of cognitive development wherein he establishedRead MoreThe Development Of Knowing : Cognitive And Moral Changes Essay832 Words   |  4 PagesThe Development of Knowing: Cognitive and Moral Changes The development of a person is complex and occurs on many levels. Although developmental models differ, they all tend to suggest that development has the following characteristics (Neukrug, 2017, 2013): 1- Continual- goes on and on 2- Orderly, Sequential, builds upon itself- like steps 3- A change process - moving in different phases 4- Painful, yet growth producing- let go to grow 5- Hopeful - optimistic 6- Preventive and wellness oriented-Read MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will examine moral development and the theories of cognitive development and the Social Learning theory. It will also cover key theorists and their perspectives moving on to different kinds of development followed by an evaluation of the chosen theories and the studies that surround their validity. The final segment will be of the nature nurture aspect. Moral development is essentially the ability to distinguish right from wrong actions and good from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believedRead MoreTheories And Research Of Educational Psychology1615 Words   |  7 Pagesand understanding how children learn in order to create a rounded curriculum. Piaget was the first to create a systematic study of cognitive development, and although he did not specifically relate his theory to education others have gone on to do so. This has had many implications in schools, especially in the United Kingdom. One key idea of his is the concept of readiness. This idea suggests that what children learn is determined by their current stage of cognitive development, i.e. a child cannotRead MoreIntroduction to a Critical Evaluation of the Psychological Foundations of Education, Theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, Ericson and Kohlberg971 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development: Piaget’s theory is based on stages, whereby each stage represents a qualitatively different type of thinking. Children in stage one  cannot  think the same as children in stage 2, 3 or 4 etc. Transitions from one stage to another are generally very fast, and the stages always follow an invariant sequence. Another important characteristic of his stage theory is that they are  universal;  the stages will work for everyone in the world regardless of theirRead More Development of a Four Year Old Child Essays589 Words   |  3 PagesDevelopment of a Four Year Old Child Works Cited Not Included Enthusiasm in children is like a ripple in the water ... it spreads. ~Anonymous~ The study of child development helps us understand the changes we see as children grow and develop. A child?s development is divided into five areas: physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and moral development (Mitchell and David 1992). Although each area will be discussed separately, it is important to remember that all these areas

Organizational Studies and Human Resource Management free essay sample

1) ________ refers to evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. A) Attitude B) Behavior C) Appearance D) Demeanor E) Performance Answer: A Explanation: A) Attitudes are evaluative statements, either favorable or unfavorable, about objects, people, or events. They reflect how one feels about something. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 2) The statement, A person who eats meat and then fights for animal rights demonstrates double standards is an evaluative statement. Such an opinion constitutes the ________ component of an attitude. A) cognitive B) affective C) reflective D) behavioral E) reactive Answer: A Explanation: A) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, which is exemplified in the statement, A person who eats meat and then fights for animal rights demonstrates double standards. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 3) Which of the following statements represents the cognitive component of attitude? A) I have decided to inform my supervisor that I will be quitting my job. B) I intend to work during the weekend to meet the months deadline. C) I feel upset about having to work during Christmas. D) It is disappointing to know that I did not get a good evaluation. E) This job is not giving me an opportunity to explore my skills. Answer: E Explanation: E) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, which is exemplified in the statement, This job is not giving me an opportunity to explore my skills. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 4) Abigail Jones is a sales executive at Orbit Bank in Brussels. She is the best performer on her team and often gets the highest number of corporate accounts for the company. However, she feels that she does not get sufficient credit for her hard work. During lunch, she says to her colleague, I have been getting the largest accounts for the bank for the past eight months. Yet, my manager never acknowledges the kind of effort I put in to get these accounts. Which component of attitude is being demonstrated by Jones? A) positive component B) cognitive component C) affective component D) behavioral component E) reflective component Answer: B Explanation: B) The cognitive component of an attitude is a description of, or belief in the way things are, which is exemplified in the statement, My manager never acknowledges the kind of effort I put in to get these accounts. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 5) Which of the following is an example of the affective component of an attitude? A) believing that one achieved all objectives of a project B) relying on the information of a companys annual report C) perceiving whistle-blowing as the right thing to do D) feeling hurt at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing E) deciding to fire an employee because of underperformance Answer: D Explanation: D) The affective component refers to the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 6) Johanna Rouse feels disheartened because she was not selected for the campaign exchange program in Amsterdam. Which component of an attitude does Rouses feeling represent? A) cognitive B) affective C) reflective D) behavioral E) reactive Answer: B Explanation: B) The affective component represents the emotional or feeling segment of an attitude. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 7) Janice Hartley works as a writer at a fashion magazine in New York. She was recently asked by her editor to write an article on 10 must-haves for the autumn season. Her editor has now sent back the article saying it is not interesting enough to hold the attention of the reader. Janice is upset and disappointed about the feedback. Which component of an attitude is represented in this scenario? A) positive component B) cognitive component C) affective component D) behavioral component E) evaluative component Answer: C Explanation: C) The emotional or feeling segment of an attitude is known as the affective component. It is reflected in this scenario because Janice is upset and disappointed about the feedback received. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 8) Kimberley Mayfield recently evaluated her subordinates progress report. She now plans to inform her about the objectives she did not achieve and how she can perform better. By doing this, Mayfield will be demonstrating the ________ component of an attitude. A) cognitive B) affective C) reflective D) behavioral E) reactive Answer: D Explanation: D) The behavioral component of an attitude describes an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. By planning to inform her subordinate of her performance, Mayfield is demonstrating the behavioral component of attitude. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 9) Which of the following statements is an example of the behavioral component of an attitude? A) I have decided to apply for the position of a campaigner in the climate department. B) I am thrilled to know that the human resource department is looking for a climate campaigner. C) The position of a climate campaigner is challenging and interesting. D) The position of a climate campaigner will allow me to explore my skills as a campaigner. E) I think the position of a climate campaigner involves extensive travel. Answer: A Explanation: A) The behavioral component of an attitude describes an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. The statement, I have decided to apply for the position of a campaigner in the climate department represents an intention to apply for the position and demonstrates the behavioral component of attitude. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 10) Sarah Mayer works as a security officer and is in charge of keeping track of who is in the office at any given time. She notices that some employees do not sign out of the office when they go out for meals, which makes it difficult to keep track of attendance of employees. Even though Mayer asked the employees repeatedly to sign out, they have not followed her advise. She now decides to report the issue to her supervisor. Which of the following components of an attitude is being demonstrated by Mayer? A) affective B) behavioral C) positive D) cognitive E) knowledge Answer: B Explanation: B) The behavioral component of an attitude is an intention to behave in a certain way toward someone or something. Mayers intention to report the issue to her supervisor represents the behavioral component of her attitude. Page Ref: 70 LO: 1 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 11) The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by ________. A) Abraham Maslow B) Leon Festinger C) Geert Hofstede D) Daryl Bem E) Ivan Petrovich Pavlov Answer: B Explanation: B) In the 1960s, Leon Festinger argued that attitudes follow behavior. Festinger proposed that cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance, any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept 12) Which of the following does cognitive dissonance indicate between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes? A) congruity B) tenacity C) solidarity D) consistency E) incompatibility Answer: E Explanation: E) Cognitive dissonance is defined as any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Discuss the effects of stress in the workplace and methods of stress management 13) Any incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes results in ________. A) organizational dissonance B) cognitive dissonance C) attitudinal clarification D) positivity offset E) affective reactance Answer: B Explanation: B) Cognitive dissonance is defined as any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Organizational dissonance, attitudinal clarification, positivity offset, and affective reactance are not types of attitude or behavior in OB. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Discuss the effects of stress in the workplace and methods of stress management 14) Julie recently joined a youth center as a counselor that provides support services for teenage mothers. An important part of her job involves referring pregnant teenagers to abortion clinics, should they decide to avail of such services. This aspect of her work, however, conflicts with her religious beliefs. Her manager, Kyle, is aware of this and expects her to submit her resignation at any time, but Julie continues to carry out her duties in a sincere manner and shows no signs of quitting her job. Which of the following best explains this situation? A) Julie allows her professional life to be dictated by her religious ideals. B) Julie refuses to acknowledge the hard truths of life. C) Julie has accepted that people have the freedom of choice. D) Julie is unable to empathize with the teenagers who visit the youth center. E) Julie does not realize the importance of her work to society. Answer: C Explanation: C) In the case of cognitive dissonance, research has generally concluded that people seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. In this scenario, Julie achieves this consistency by acknowledging the fact that people have the freedom of choice and this allows her to carry on working at the youth center. If Julie allowed her professional life to be dictated by her religious ideals or did not understand the importance of her work to society, then she would most likely not continue working at the center. Similarly, if she refused to acknowledge the hard truths of life or was unable to empathize with the teenagers who visited the youth center, then she would be more likely to resign. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Difficulty: Hard Quest. Category: Critical Thinking Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values Sonia works as a lab research assistant at Frost Labs which conducts trials for cosmetic products such as sprays, dyes, ointments, soaps, and the like. She joined the firm right out of college and has been working for them for almost two years now. 15) Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Sonia is experiencing cognitive dissonance? A) She believes that cosmetics help boost womens self-confidence. B) She believes that testing products on animals is an unethical practice. C) She majored in pharmacology as part of her Masters program in college. D) She recently received a positive performance review from her supervisor. E) She is confounded by the fact that the cosmetic industry rakes in almost $7 billion annually. Answer: B Explanation: B) Cognitive dissonance implies an incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. If Sonia believes that testing products on animals is unethical and yet conducts trials for cosmetic products, which would most likely be conducted on animals, it would suggest that she is experiencing a conflict between her behavior and attitude. If Sonia believes that cosmetics help boost womens self-confidence it would weaken the argument that she is experiencing cognitive dissonance, as would the fact that she majored in pharmacology, which is a discipline related to the field of cosmetic testing. A positive performance review is irrelevant or, at the most, only slightly weakens the argument that she is experiencing cognitive dissonance. The fact that Sonia is confounded by the annual revenue generated by the cosmetic industry is irrelevant to the argument. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Difficulty: Hard Quest. Category: Critical Thinking Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 16) Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument that Sonia is experiencing cognitive dissonance? A) She believes that beauty is merely a superficial aspect of ones personality. B) She does not wear makeup as she is aware of the ingredients that go into making these products. C) She recently attended a presentation on the harmful effects of certain chemicals used in cosmetics. D) She believes that research and testing are an integral part of providing consumers with safe products. E) She feels that this field of work does not allow her to utilize her full potential. Answer: D Explanation: D) Cognitive dissonance implies an incompatibility between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. If Sonia believes that research and testing are integral to providing consumers with safe products, it would suggest that her attitude and behavior (conducting trials) are in sync with one another, thereby weakening the argument that she is experiencing cognitive dissonance. If she believes that beauty is a superficial aspect of ones personality and does not wear makeup because she is aware of the ingredients that go into making such products, then it would imply an incongruence between her behavior and attitude, thereby strengthening the argument. Similarly, if Sonia is aware of the harmful effects of the chemicals used in cosmetics, it would strengthen the argument that she is experiencing cognitive dissonance. If she feels that this field of work does not allow her to utilize her full potential, it would also strengthen the argument for cognitive dissonance. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Difficulty: Hard Quest. Category: Critical Thinking Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 17) Anna Jonas owns a manufacturing firm in Indonesia and strongly believes that it is important that workers rights be respected. However, because of the recent economic meltdown, she makes the management pay workers a wage which is below ethical standards. In addition, the working conditions are below standards because of low investment in safety equipment. She knows her actions are unethical but continues to do so to avoid major losses. Jonas is most likely to be experiencing ________. A) cognitive dissonance B) emotional contagion C) ethical evasion D) self-concordance E) positivity offset Answer: A Explanation: A) There is a contradiction in what Anna Jonas is feeling and the situation in which she finds herself. She is experiencing cognitive dissonance which may be defined as incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Hard Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Discuss the effects of stress in the workplace and methods of stress management 18) Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding cognitive dissonance? A) High dissonance is accompanied by high rewards. B) People are less inspired to reduce dissonance when it is within their control. C) People are less likely to reduce dissonance when the behavior is crucial. D) People are more motivated to reduce dissonance when attitudes are important. E) The desire to reduce dissonance is not affected by moods and emotions. Answer: D Explanation: D) Festinger argued that people will be more motivated to reduce dissonance when the attitudes or behavior are important or when they believe the dissonance is due to something they can control. Page Ref: 72, 73 LO: 2 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept 19) Joseph Pierce is the managing director of Drake Coal Power Plant in North Yorkshire. He knows that coal is a major contributor to climate change and has made his research team study impacts of coal on the environment. After knowing the facts, he faces a high degree of dissonance between his values and behavior. Which of the following is he most likely to do to reduce the dissonance between his belief and behavior? A) get government sanction to build and develop more power plants across the country B) increase revenue by building power plants in developing and under-developed countries C) reassure the public that there is no correlation between environment and coal production D) hire more employees to fill positions in new power plant stations E) provide locals benefits to substantiate for the effects of coal power stations Answer: C Explanation: C) Festinger proposed that cases of attitude following behavior illustrate the effects of cognitive dissonance, any incompatibility an individual might perceive between two or more attitudes or between behavior and attitudes. Research has generally concluded that people do seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. They either alter the attitudes or the behavior, or they develop a rationalization for the discrepancy. Page Ref: 72 LO: 2 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Hard Quest. Category: Application 20) Leon Festinger argued that ________ follow(s) ________. A) behavior; attitudes B) emotions; attitude C) attitudes; behavior D) thought processes; moods E) conduct; feelings Answer: C Explanation: C) While Festinger argued that attitudes follow behavior, other researchers asked whether there was any relationship at all. Page Ref: 73 LO: 2 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 21) Kim Anderson works as a campaign manager at an environmental organization in Ottawa. In the past few months, she has noticed that her team member Janice Kenneth has shown a lot of potential as the next project lead. However, Anderson heard from the grapevine that Kenneth may be quitting the job. She now needs to know whether she has the intention to lead the campaign in the next few months, which are crucial months for the campaign. Which of the following questions would best help Anderson understand Kenneths intention toward the project? A) How are you liking your job on the whole? B) Do you like the work culture in the organization? C) Do you see yourself working with us in the next 6 months? D) Are you motivated enough to achieve all project milestones? E) Are you happy with your overall job performance? Answer: C Explanation: C) Specific attitudes tend to predict specific behaviors, whereas general attitudes tend to best predict general behaviors. For instance, asking someone about her intention to stay with an organization for the next 6 months is likely to better predict turnover for that person than asking her how satisfied she is with her job overall. On the other hand, overall job satisfaction would better predict a general behavior, such as whether the individual was engaged in her work or is motivated to contribute to her organization. Page Ref: 73 LO: 2 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 22) With reference to cognitive dissonance, in which of the following situations is the attitude-behavior relationship most likely to be strong? A) The affective component of the attitude is weak. B) The behavior is not affected by the cognitive component of the attitude. C) The attitude does not reflect the persons fundamental values. D) The behavior is affected by external factors and is not entirely under the control of the person. E) The attitude refers to something with which the person has direct experience. Answer: E Explanation: E) The attitude-behavior relationship is likely to be much stronger if an attitude refers to something with which we have direct personal experience. Page Ref: 73 LO: 2 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 23) Which of the following is true of moderating variables in attitude relationships? A) Attitudes that our memories can easily access are more likely to predict our behavior. B) General attitudes tend to predict particular or specific behaviors. C) Attitudes are less likely to be remembered if frequently expressed or talked about. D) The relationship between an attitude and a behavior is weaker if an attitude involves a direct relation to personal experience. E) Conflicts between attitudes and behavior occur when there are no social pressures. Answer: A Explanation: A) Attitudes that our memories can easily access are more likely to predict our behavior. One would be more likely to remember attitudes one frequently expresses. So the more one talks about an attitude on a subject, the more likely one is to remember it, and the more likely it is to shape a behavior. Page Ref: 73 LO: 2 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 24) Which of the following is most likely to be related to reduced absences and lower resignation rates? A) high job involvement B) high cognitive dissonance C) low psychological empowerment D) low organizational commitment E) high emotional contagion Answer: A Explanation: A) High job involvement is also related to reduced absences and lower resignation rates. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 25) ________ refers to a positive feeling about ones job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A) Job satisfaction B) Job design C) Positivity offset D) Constructive dismissal E) Picketing Answer: A Explanation: A) When people speak of employee attitudes, they usually mean job satisfaction, which describes a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about his or her job, while a person with a low level holds negative feelings. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 26) Which of the following statements represents a persons job attitude? A) I enjoy my work because it offers me challenges and helps me hone my networking skills. B) I believe my work has a direct impact on the processes of the organization. C) I believe my work performance indicates my calibre and potential. D) I agree with the organization about its commitment to the environment. E) I believe in the organizations objectives about supporting the underprivileged. Answer: A Explanation: A) When people speak of employee attitudes, they usually mean job satisfaction, which describes a positive feeling about a job, resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics. A person with a high level of job satisfaction holds positive feelings about his or her job, while a person with a low level holds negative feelings. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 27) Which of the following actions best represents Kellys high job involvement? A) Kelly always complains about her work to her colleagues. B) Kelly actively takes part in team activities and proactively takes up additional job responsibilities. C) Kelly shares the organizations vision of supporting renewable energy. D) Kelly dislikes the unethical practices followed by her employer. E) Kelly wants to continue working for the organization because many of her college friends are working there. Answer: B Explanation: B) Job involvement measures the degree to which people identify psychologically with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self-worth. Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care about the kind of work they do. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 28) High levels of both job involvement and psychological empowerment are positively related to ________. A) withdrawal behavior B) positivity offset C) organizational citizenship D) emotional contagion E) cognitive dissonance Answer: C Explanation: C) High levels of both job involvement and psychological empowerment are positively related to organizational citizenship and job performance. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 29) Employees beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is termed as ________. A) psychological empowerment B) organizational dissent C) organizational commitment D) employee engagement E) secondary action Answer: A Explanation: A) Employees beliefs in the degree to which they influence their work environment, their competence, the meaningfulness of their job, and their perceived autonomy is termed as psychological empowerment. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Apply the study of perception and attribution to the workplace 30) The degree to which a person identifies with his or her job, actively participates in it, and considers his or her performance as being important to self-worth is referred to as ________. A) emotional contagion B) job involvement C) job stability D) emotional dissonance E) direct action Answer: B Explanation: B) Job involvement measures the degree to which people identify psychologically with their job and consider their perceived performance level important to self-worth. Employees with a high level of job involvement strongly identify with and really care about the kind of work they do. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 31) In her work in the publishing industry, Vera Loranzo seeks out new authors who she considers promising. In the past two years, she has found a number of new writers whose work she thought was exceptional, and immersed herself in the task of helping them shape their manuscripts for submission to her managers for publishing. Although she was extremely proud of the results, none of the authors she worked with were chosen for publication. After learning about her managements decision, she is extremely frustrated and is beginning to resent the job she does. However, she knows there is nothing she can do and continues working because of the good perks and salary benefits the job offers. How can Loranzos job attitude be best described? A) low job involvement B) low job satisfaction C) high psychological empowerment D) high positivity offset E) low emotional contagion Answer: B Explanation: B) Vera is beginning to have a negative feeling toward her job resulting in low job satisfaction. She believes that she has invested tremendously in the organization and it shows a high job involvement. She also demonstrates a low psychological empowerment because she succumbs to the situation and feels there is nothing she can do to make the situation better. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 AACSB: Analytic Skills Difficulty: Moderate Quest. Category: Application Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 32) Ben has been working as a process executive at an accounting firm for the past two years. A hard worker, his work is of good quality and he often puts in extra hours at the office to ensure his schedules are on track. Noticing his efforts, the management offers him a 20 percent hike. Two months later, Ben submits his resignation and soon joins a startup organization, at a senior position. Which of the following best explains this situation? A) Ben felt the hike was unwarranted. B) Ben, though highly skilled, lacked ambition. C) Ben was motivated by the prospect of extrinsic rewards. D) Ben found his work to be routine and monotonous. E) Ben was gunning for a position at the competing firm all along. Answer: D Explanation: D) Even if Ben was a highly competent employee, he would be more likely to quit in spite of the salary hike if he found his work to be routine and monotonous. This implies a lack of job satisfaction and involvement. If Ben felt the hike was unwarranted, it would still not drive him to resign from the firm. Similarly, if Ben was motivated by the extrinsic rewards it would not explain his leaving the firm as he was given a salary hike. It cannot be argued that Ben lacked ambition as he found employment with another firm, at a senior position. It also cannot be argued that Ben was aiming for a position at the competing firm all along, because he worked as a process executive for two years and he joined a startup company. Page Ref: 74 LO: 3 AACSB: Reflective Thinking Difficulty: Hard Quest. Category: Critical Thinking Learning Outcome: Describe the factors that influence the formation of individual attitudes and values 33) Which of the following questions best helps understand an employees organizational commitment? A) Do you feel you have a good working relationship with team members? B) Do you feel the organization will take care of you and your family in times of need? C) Do you enjoy your work even in the face of challenges? D) Does the organization provide valuable feedback to help you increase productivity? E) Do you believe in the organizations objective on sustainable work practices? Answer: E Explanation: E) The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain membership in the organization is referred to as organizational commitment. Page Ref: 75 LO: 3 Difficulty: Easy Quest. Category: Concept Learning Outcome: Define organizational behavior and identify the variables associated with its study 34) Organizational commitment is defined as ________. A) the degree to which employees identify with the organization they work for and its goals B) the state of discord caused by opposition of values between people working together C) the degree to which an employees sense of cognitive dissonance is related to their job D) the employees degree of disagreement or differential opinions about organizational